Category: Social Science

Chapter 3 What is Constitutional Design

Social Science Civics [Class IX]

Content’s

• Concept’s of What is Constitutional Design Class 9th Social Science Civics
• Notes of What is Constitutional Design Class 9th Social Science Civics
• NCERT Textbook Questions Solution’s of What is Constitutional Design Class 9th Social Science Civics
• Extra Questions of What is Constitutional Design Class 9th Social Science Civics

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Q.1. In which way was the system of ‘apartheid’ oppressive? [Important]

Ans. The apartheid system was particularly oppressive for the blacks. They were forbidden from living in white areas. They could work in white areas only if they had a permit. Trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges, swimming pools, public toilets etc. were all separate for the whites and blacks. They could not even visit the churches where the whites worshipped. Blacks could not form associations or protest against the terrible treatment.

Q.2. What was the appeal made by the black leaders to the fellow blacks after the emergence of the new democratic South Africa?

Ans. After the emergence of the new democratic South Africa, black leaders appealed to fellow blacks to forgive the whites for the atrocities they had committed while in power. They urged the people to build a new South Africa based on equality of all races, and of men and women, on democratic values, social justice and human rights.

Q.3. What is meant by the term ‘Constitution’? [Important]

Ans. The constitution of a country is a set of written rules that are accepted by all people living in that country. It is the supreme law that determines the relationship among the people living in a territory (called citizens) and also the relationship between the people and government. It specifies how the government will be constituted and who will have the power to take different decisions.

Q.4. Describe the advantages that Indians had when they participated in the legislatures which were set up as a result of the elections of 1937.

Ans. Although the legislatures set up in India as a result of elections of 1937 were not fully democratic, the experience gained by Indians in the working of the legislative institutions proved to be very useful for the country in setting up its own institutions and working in them.

Q.5. Give a description of the composition of the Constituent Assembly. [Important] Ans. The Constituent Assembly was elected mainly by the members of the existing Provincial Legislatures. This ensured a fair geographical share of members from all the regions of the country. Congress, which was the dominant party in the Assembly, itself included a variety of political groups and opinions. It represented members from different languages, castes, religions, classes and occupations.

Q.6. What did Ambedkar mean by ‘Contradiction’ in his concluding speech to the Constituent Assembly?

Ans. In his concluding speech to the Constituent Assembly Dr. Ambedkar said that India was entering a life of ‘contradictions’ on 26th Jan 1950. By this he meant that in politics Indians would have equality but in social and economic life, there would be inequality. In politics India would be recognising the principle of one man one vote, with one value, but in social and economic life, the principle of one man one value would be denied.

Q.7. Why was a constitution necessary for a country like South Africa? [CBSE 2010] Ans. The oppressor and the oppressed, i.e. the whites and the blacks were planning to live together, as equals. It was not going to be easy for them to trust each other. They wanted to safeguard their interests. The only way to build and maintain trust was to write down some rules. This set of basic rules was the constitution needed for South Africa.

Q.8. What do you understand by secularism? Why is India called a secular country?

[CBSE 2010]

Ans. India is a country of many religions and it respects all religions. No religion is given the status of state religion and equal respect is given to all beliefs, faiths and practices. Citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion.

Q.9. What are Constitutional Amendments? State its significance in a democratic country like India. [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. Constitutional Amendments are changes in the constitution made by the Supreme Legislative body in a country. The constitution of India is a very long and detailed document. Therefore it needs to be amended quite regularly to keep it updated.

Q.10. What were the difficulties faced during the making of Indian constitution? [2010 (T-1)] Ans. It was drawn up under very difficult circumstances. Making a constitution for a huge country like India was not an easy affair. The country was born through partition. The problem of princely states was left undecided by the Britrish. There were anxieties about the present and future of the country.

Q.11. State the steps involved in the framing of Indian consitution. [2010 (T-1)] Ans. The drafting of the document called the constitution was done by an assembly of elected representatives called the Constituent assembly Elections to the Constitutuent Assembly were held in July 1946. Its first meeting was held in December 1946. It had 299 members. The assembly adopted the constitution on 26 November 1949 and it came into force on 26 January 1950.

Q.12. The Preamble of our constitution is a short statement of values. Which country has inspired India to incorporate the Preamble? Why does it start with ‘‘We The People of India?’’ [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. Taking inspiration from American model, most countries including India have chosen to begin their constitutions with a importance to the people of India by saying that it is the people who have drawn up and enacted the constitution. It has not been handed down to them by a king or any outside power.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1. Regarding the constitution-making, what was the compromise reached at between the blacks and whites?

Ans. The constitution of South Africa was drawn together by the party of whites which had rules through oppression and the party that led the freedom struggle. The constitution gave to its citizens the most extensive rights available in any country. After long negotiations both parties agreed to a compromise. The whites agreed to the principle of majority rule and that of one person one vote. They also agreed to accept some basic rights for the poor and the workers.

The blacks agreed that the majority rule would not be absolute. They agreed that the majority would not take away the property of the white minority.

Q.2. What does the constitution effectively do that makes a country a democratic one?

Ans. A constitution does many things to make a country a democratic one : (i) It generates a degree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live together.

(ii) It specifies how the government will be constituted and who will have the power of taking which decisions.

(iii) It lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are.

(iv) It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

Q.3. Why did the makers of the Indian constitution have anxieties about the present and the future of the country?

Ans. The makers of the Indian constitution had anxieties because making of the constitution for a huge and diverse country like India was not an easy affair. The country was born through partition on the basis of religious differences. At least ten lakh people were killed on both sides of the border in partition related violence. Another problem was that the British had left it to the rulers of the princely states to decide whether they wanted to merge with India or with Pakistan or to remain independent.

Q.4. Describe how the Constituent Assembly worked to prepare the constitution for India.

Ans. The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner. First some basic principles were decided and agreed upon. Then a Drafting Committee chaired by Dr. B.R.

Ambedkar prepared a draft constitution for discussion. Several rounds of thorough discussion took place, clause by clause. More than 2000 amendments were made. The members deliberated for 114 days spread over 3 years. Every document presented and every word spoken in the Constituent Assembly was recorded and preserved. These are called ‘Constituent Assembly Debates’.

Q.5. In his speech ‘Tryst with Destiny’, Nehru said, ‘Freedom and power bring responsibility.’

Explain what he meant by this.

Ans. By saying that ‘Freedom and power bring responsibility’, Nehru meant that it is the responsibility of Indians to not relax with ease after having got the freedom, but to constantly strive to fulfil the pledges taken. He said that the service of India meant the service of the millions who suffered, it meant the embing of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity.

Q.6. What is the preamble of the constitution? What is the significance of ‘We the people of India’ and ‘secular’ in the preamble? [CBSE 2010]

Ans. It is an introductary part of the constitution. It is called the key of the Constitution. “We the people of India” means the constitution has been drawn up and enacted by the people through their representatives. Secular means that citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion. But there as no official religion.

Q.7. Describe any three fealures of the Indian constitution. [CBSE 2010] Ans. (i) It establishes a Sovereign, Democratic, Republic in India (ii) It establishes a secular state in India (iii) It provides Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties.

(i) The Constitution begins with a short statement called the preamble. Sovereign means people have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matter. No external power can dictate the government of India. Democratic means a form of government where people enjoy equal political rights, elect their rulers and hold them accountable. Republic means the head of the state is an elected person and it is not a hereditary position.

(ii) Secular means citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion – Government treats all religions beliefs and practices with equal respect.

(iii) The Indian constitution provides justice – social, economic and political.

Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.

Equality of status and opportunity.

Fraternity assuring dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the nation.

Q.8. What is constitution? Why do we need a constitution? [CBSE 2010] Ans. It is a set of written rules that are accepted by all the people of a country. It is needed as it is the supreme law that determines the relationship among citizens of a country. It defines how the government will be formed and also limits the powers of the government and defines the rights of the citizens.

Q.9. The Indian constitution is both rigid and flexible. Explain. [CBSE 2010] Ans. The Indian Constitution is neither wholly flexible nor wholly rigid. It is partly rigid and partly flexible. It is not so flexible as the British constitution is, nor so rigid as the American constitution is.

Some of the articles of the constitution can be amended by a simple majority of the parliament, e.g. changing the names of states, altering boundries of states, matters relating to citizenship etc. Some of the articles of the constitution can be amended with 2/

3 majority of the members

of parliament, e.g. the election of the president of India. If any change in it is intended then it has to be passed first by a majority of the total members in each house of parliament.

Q.10. Mention the landmark years in the making of the Indian constitution. [2010 (T-1)] Ans. As far back as 1928, Motilal Nehru and eight other Congress leaders drafted a constitution for India. In 1931 at the Karachi Session of Indian National Congress leaders pondered what India’s constitution should be like. Elections held in 1937 to provincial Legislatures and Ministeri all over British India. It was beneficial for Indians to gain experience. That is why Indian Constitution adopted many insitutional details from colonial laws like the Government of India Act 1935.

Q.11. What is the aim of a socialist state? How can that be achieved? [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. We all us generated socially and should be shared equally by society. Government should regulate the ownership of land and industry to reduce socioeconomic equalities. Social inequalities have to be reduced, Government should work for the welfare of all.

Q.12. What was the African Policy of Apartheid? How could that come to an end? [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. Apartheid was the name of a system of racial discrimention unique to South Africa. The White Europeans imposed this system on South Africa. The native people of Africa are black. They had 3/4 of the population. The whites treated all non-whites as inferiors. The non-whites did not have voting rights. The blacks were forbidden from living in the white area. Trains, buses, hospitals, schools, hotels, taxis, cinemas etc were all separate for the whites and blacks. The blacks, coloured and Indians fought for their rights-arranged marches protests and strikes. The racist government for tortured them. On 26 April 1994. Apartheid came to an end with the birth of the Republic of South Africa.

Q.13. Define the following terms mentioned in the Preamble to the constitution of India.

(a) Sovereign (b) Socialist (c) Secular (d) Republic [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. Sovereign means people have supreme right to make decisions on internal and external matters. No external power can dictate to the Government of India.

Socialist means that wealth is generated socially it should be shared equally by society.

Secular means that citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion but there is no official religion.

Republic means the head of the State is an elected person and not a hereditary position.

Q.14. What is the Preamble? Explain any three guiding principles explained in the Preamble.

[2010 (T-1)]

Ans. Preamble is a short statement of the basic values of the constitution. Taking inspiration from American model, most countries have adopted constitutions with a preamble. The preamble of the Indian constitution reads like a poem on democracy. It contains the philosoply on which the entire constitution has been built ; 1. Democratic–It will have a democratic government where people will enjoy equal rights ; 2. Equality– All citizens will be equal before the law; and 3. Fraternity– All world would behave as if they are members of the same family.

Q.15. Why do we need a constitution? Give any four points. [2010 (T-1)] Ans. Every country has diverse groups of people. People have differences. Hence the need to have a set of rules. To maintain a trust it as best to write down these rules. Thus the constitution of a country is a set of written rules that are acceptd by all. A constitution.

1. generates trust and coordination.

2. specifies how government will be constituted.

3. lays down limits on the powers of the government.

4. expresses the aspirations of the people.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9th Social Science: Chapter 3 Constitutional Design

Class 9 Social Science Chapter 3 Constitutional Design NCERT Solution is given below.

Question 1:
Here are some false statements. Identify the mistake in each case and rewrite these correctly based on what you have read in this chapter.
(a) Leaders of the freedom movement had an open mind about whether the country should be democratic or not after independence.
(b) Members of the Constituent Assembly of India held the same views on all provisions of the Constitution.
(c) A country that has a constitution must be a democracy.
(d) Constitution cannot be amended because it is the supreme law of a country.

Answer:
(a) Leaders of the freedom movement had a consensus that the country should be a democratic nation after independence.
(b) Members of the Constituent Assembly of India held the same views on the basic principles of the constitution.
(c) A country that is a democracy must have a constitution.
(d) A constitution can be amended.

Question 2:
Which of these was the most salient underlying conflict in the making of a democratic constitution in South Africa?
(a) Between South Africa and its neighbours
(b) Between men and women
(c) Between the white majority and the black minority
(d) Between the coloured minority and the black majority

Answer:
The most salient underlying conflict in the making of a democratic constitution in South Africa was between the white minority and the black majority.

Question 3:
Which of these is a provision that a democratic constitution does not have?
(a) Powers of the head of the state
(b) Name of the head of the state
(c) Powers of the legislature
(d) Name of the country

Answer:
(b) Name of the head of the state

Question 4:
Match the following leaders with their roles in the making of the Constitution:

(a) Motilal Nehru	(i) President of the Constituent Assembly
(b) B.R. Ambedkar	(ii) Member of the Constituent Assembly
(c) Rajendra Prasad	(iii) Chairman of the Drafting Committee
(d) Sarojini Naidu	(iv) Prepared a Constitution for India in 1928

Answer:

(a) Motilal Nehru	(iv) Prepared a Constitution for India in 1928
(b) B.R. Ambedkar	(iii) Chairman of the Drafting Committee
(c) Rajendra Prasad	(i) President of the Constituent Assembly
(d) Sarojini Naidu	(ii) Member of the Constituent Assembly

Question 5:
Read again the extracts from Nehru’s speech “Tryst with Destiny” and answer the following:
(a) Why did Nehru use the expression “not wholly or in full measure” in the first sentence?
(b) What pledge did he want the makers of the Indian Constitution to take?
(c) “The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye”. Who was he referring to?

Answer:
(a) Nehru used the term ‘not wholly or in full measure’ because according to him the task they had undertaken was not complete.

(b) The pledge that he wanted the makers of the Indian Constitution to take was to dedicate their lives to the service of India, the Indian people and the humanity at large.
(c) Mahatma Gandhi

Question 6:
Here are some of the guiding values of the Constitution and their meaning. Rewrite them by matching them correctly.

(a) Sovereign	(i) Government will not favour any religion.
(b) Republic	(ii) People have the supreme right to make decisions.
(c) Fraternity	(iii) Head of the state is an elected person.
(d) Secular	(iv) People should live like brothers and sisters.

Answer:

(a) Sovereign	(ii) People have the supreme right to make decisions.
(b) Republic	(iii) Head of the state is an elected person.
(c) Fraternity	(iv) People should live like brothers and sisters.
(d) Secular	(i) Government will not favour any religion.

Constitutional Design class 9 notes
Q 1. why was Nelson Mandela sentenced to live imprisonment?

Ans   Nelson Mandela sentenced to live imprisonment because he opposes the apartheid regime in his country.

Q.2 what is apartheid?

Ans Apartheid is social discrimination between white and black people.

• The system of apartheid divided the people and called then on the basis of their skin color.

Q.3 The apartheid system was particularly oppressive for the blacks-justify.

Ans. The apartheid system was particularly oppressive for the blacks. They were forbidden for from in white areas using.

• They could work in white areas only if they had a permit.
• Trains, buses, taxis etc. were all separate for the white and blacks.
• They could not even visit the churches  where the white worshipped
• Blacks could not form associations or protest against the terrible treatment.

Q.4 What is the constitution and why is it important?

Ans. The constitution of a country is a set of written rules that are accepted by all people living together in a country people living together in a country.

• Constitution id the supreme law that determines the relationship among people living in the territory and also the relationship between the people and government. A constitution does many things.
• It generates a degree of test and coordinates that is necessary for different kind of people to line together.
• It specifies how the government will be the establishment, who will have the power to take which decisions.
• It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

Q.5 Describe the main features of the preamble of Indian constitution.

Ans. The preamble of the constitution read like a poem an democracy.

• It contains the philosophy on which the entire constitution has been built.
• It provides a standard to examine and evaluate any and action of government do find out whether it is good or bad.
• It is the soul of the Indian constitution.

Q.6 Why should we accept the constitution made by constitution Assembly more than fifty years ago.?

Ans. The constitution does not affect the views of its members alone it expresses a broad consensus of its time.

• Our the last half a century, several groups have questioned some provision of the constitution. But for me large social group a political party has ever questioned the legitimacy of the constitution its
• The constitutive Assembly represented the people of India finally, the name in which the constitutive Assembly asked give sanctity to the constitution.
• Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid in South Africa. He became 1^st president of the repulic of South Africa and awarded the nobel prize for peace in 1993.
• Nelson Mandela was imprisoned in 1964 for 28 Years
• Nelson Mandela was imprisoned in Robben Island , most dreaded prison of South Africa.
• The new national flag of the Republic of South Africa was unfuled for the first time on April 26, 1994
• The main object of constitution is to generate trust among the people.
• India has adopted the parliamentary system of government from Great Britain.
• Bill of lights was paused in parliamentary of USA.
• Election to constituent Assembly of india were held in July 1946.
• The first meeting of the constituent Assembly was held in December 1946
• Constituent assembly of India had 299 members.
• The constituent assembly adopted the draft constitution on Nov 26, 1949 & came into effect on Jan 26,

Q7 The South African constitution inspires democrats all our the world. Explain?

• South Africa constitution game to its citizen the most extensive rights available in any country.
• Together they decided that in the search for a solution to the problems, nobody should be excluded, no one should be treated as demon.
• They agreed that everybody should become past of the solution, whatever they have alone on represented in the past.
• Thus, the South Africa constitution inspires democrat all ever the would.
• A state denounced by the entire would tile recently as the most undemocratic one is now seen as a mode of a democracy.

Democratic Constitution in South Africa

•  Nelson Mandela, the South African leader of African National Congress, fought a long battle against Apartheid.
  
• Imprisoned for 28 years (1964–1992) emerged as the First President of the Republic of South Africa.
  
• People struggled against the horrible discrimination practiced against them by the white
  minority rulers.
  
• Apartheid finally defeated in 1994 and a new constitution made in 1996.
  
• Remarkable constitution, forgot past sufferings, sought co-operation of all the races which make S. Africa based on equality, democratic values and social justice.

Do We Need a Constitution?

• Yes. A constitution has written laws accepted by people living together in a country.
  
• It generates trust and co-ordination.
  
• It specifies how a government should be constituted.
  
• It lays down limits on the powers of the government.
  
• It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

Making of the Indian Constitution

• The process began during the national struggle for freedom.
  
• First draft 1928, then 1931. Motilal Nehru and 8 leaders demanded in the draft: universal adult franchise, social justice, right to freedom and liberty.
  
• Participation in Provincial Legislatures helped Indians in framing their constitution.
  
• Leaders inspired by French Revolution, British parliamentary system and the Bill of Rights of the US.
  
• They also learnt what the British were denying Indian citizens. 

The Constituent Assembly

• Elections to the Constituent Assembly held in July 1946.
  
•  Dr. B.R. Ambedkar appointed the chairman of the drafting committee.
  
• Constitution adopted on 26 November 1949, and enacted on 26 January 1950, when India became a republic.
  
• The Constitution reflects the best minds of the country. Its members represented mini-India.
  Every law was debated clause by clause and a consensus arrived at.
  
• It is the longest written constitution.

Chapter 2 What is Democracy? Why Democracy?

Social Science Civics [Class IX]

Content’s

• Concept’s of What is Democracy? Why Democracy? Class 9th Social Science Civics
• Notes of What is Democracy? Why Democracy? Class 9th Social Science Civics
• NCERT Textbook Questions Solution’s of What is Democracy? Why Democracy? Class 9th Social Science Civics
• Extra Questions of What is Democracy? Why Democracy? Class 9th Social Science Civics

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SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 

Q.1. How can you say that every government that holds an election is not a democracy? Give an example to prove your point. [Important]

Ans. It is true that every government that holds an election is not a democracy. In many dictatorships and monarchies, there are formally elected parliaments and governments but the real power is with those who are not elected. Pakistan under General Musharraf could not be called a democracy because people there elected their representatives to the national and provincial assemblies but the power to take final decision rested with army officials and with General Musharraf

Q.2. In China, elections are held after every five years. Inspite of this, China does not have a democratic government. Why?

Ans. In China, elections are regularly held after every five years for electing the country’s Parliament. The Parliament has the power to appoint the President of the country. It has nearly 3,000 members elected from all over China. Some members are elected by the Army. Before contesting elections, a candidate needs the approval of the Chinese Communist Party. The government is always formed by the Communist Party.

Q.3. In which way is the right to vote denied in Saudi Arabia and Fiji?

Ans. In Saudi Arabia women do not have the right to vote.

In Fiji, the electoral system is such that the vote of an indigenous Fiji has more value than that of an Indian Fijian. In both the countries, the right to vote is denied as there is no political equality. In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.

Q.4. Why has India never had a famine of the level which occurred in China in 1958-61?

Ans. In China’s famine of 1958-61, nearly three crore people died. In those days India’s economic condition was not much better than China. Yet India did not have a famine of the kind China had. The reason was the difference in the economic policies of the two countries. Democratic government in India responded to the food shortage in a way that Chinese government did not.

If China too had had multi-party elections, an opposition party and a press free to criticise the government, so many people would not have died in the famine.

Q.5. ‘Democracy is based on consultation and discussion.’ Explain.

Ans. Consultation and discussion help democracy prosper. A democratic decision always involves many persons, discussions and meetings. When a number of people put their heads together, they are able to point out possible mistakes in any decision. This reduces the chances of rash or irresponsible decisions. Thus democracy improves the quality of decision-making.

Q.6. Why is it not possible for the people to rule directly but through elected representatives?

Ans. The people cannot rule directly but only through their elected representatives because, firstly, modern democracies involve such a large number of people that it is physically impossible for them to sit together and take a collective decision. Secondly, even if they could, the citizens do not have the time, the desire or the skill to take part in all the decisions.

Q.7. Is it possible for any country to become a perfect democracy? Give reasons.

Ans. No country is a perfect democracy as every democracy has to realise the ideals of democratic decision-making. This cannot be achieved once and for all. This requires a constant effort to save and strengthen democratic forms of decision-making. What we do as citizens can make a difference to making our country more or less democratic.

Q.9. Why is Democracy considered the best form of government? Give three reasons.

[2010 (T-1)]

Ans. Democarcy is a more accountable form of government.

(i) It improves the quality of decision-making

(ii) It enchances the dignity of citizens.

(iii)It allows us to correct its own mistakes

Q.10. What is the role of citizen in promoting democracy? [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. Every citizen should be able to play equal role in decision-making. For this a citizen not only needs an equal right to vote but also needs to have equal information, basic education, equal resources.

Q.11. Explain any three differences between democratic country and non-democratic country? [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. In a Democratic country–

(i) Each adult citizen has a vote;(ii) Each vote has one value; and (iii) Free and fair elections are held.

In a non-democratic country — (i) Election do not offer a choice and fair opportunity; (ii) Rulers are not elected by the people; and (ii) The rulers have unlimited power.

Q.12. Is China a democratic country or not? Give two arguments in favour of your answer.

[2010 (T-1)]

Ans. China is not a democratic country. (i) Only those who are members of the Chinese Communist Party or eight smaller parties allied to it are allowed to contest elections; (ii) Before contesting elections a candidate needs the approval of the Chinese Communist Party.

Q.13. Explain any three features of democracy. [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. According to a Democarcy— (i) Rulers elected by the people take all the major decisions.

(ii) Elections offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the corrent rulers; and (ii) This choice and opportunity is available to all the people on an equal basis.

Q.14. Why is Zimbabwe not considered a democratic country? [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. It is ruled by ZANU-PF, the party that led the freedom struggle. Its leader, Robert Mugabe has been ruling the country since independence. Elections are held regularly but always won by the ZANU-PF. President Mugabe uses unfair means in the elections. He has changed the constitution several times to increase the power of the president. Radio and TV are controlled by the government.

Q.15. How does democracy in a country enhance the diginity of an individual? State three points. [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. (i) Democracy is based on the principal of political equality on recognising that the poorest and the least educated has the same status as the rich and the educated.

(ii) People are not subjects of a ruler they are the rulers themselves.

(iii) Even when they make mistakes, they are responsible for their conduct.

Q.16. ‘‘Elections in China do not represent people verdict.’’ Explain. [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. In China the elections do not offer the people any serious choice. They have to choose the ruling party and the candidates approved by it. Can it be called a choice? There is only are political party and people have to vote for its candidates.

Q.17. ‘‘Democracy allows people to correct their own mistakes’’. Support the given statement with three points. [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. The advantage in a democarcy is that mistakes made by a government cannot be hidden for long. There is a space for public discussion on these mistakes and there is room for correction.

Either the rulers have to change their decisions or they can be changed

Q.18. Explain any three major political changes that took place recently in India’s neighborhood? [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. (i) Pakistan–General Musharaff led a military coup.

(ii) Nepal–In 2005 the new king dismissed the elected government.

(iii) Iraq–Sadaam Hussain’s regime was overthrown.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 

Q.1. What were the steps taken by Musharraf in Pakistan to empower himself?

[Important]

Ans. In Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf led a military coup in October 1999. He overthrew a democratically elected government and declared himself the ‘Chief Executive’ of the country. Later he changed his designation to President and in 2002 held a referendum in the country that granted him a five year extension. This referendum was based on fraud and malpractices. In 2002, he issued a ‘Legal Framework Order’ that amended the Constitution of Pakistan. According to this order, the President could dismiss the national or provincial assemblies.

Q.2. With reference to Zimbabwe, describe how the popular approval of rulers is necessary in a democracy but not sufficient.

Ans. In Zimbabwe, since Independence in 1980, elections have been held regularly and always won by ZANU-PF, the party that led the freedom struggle. Its leader, President Robert Mugabe, is popular but also uses unfair practices in elections. His government has changed the Constitution several times to increase the powers of the President and make him less accountable. Opposition party workers are harassed. Public protests and demonstrations against the government are declared illegal. There is a law that limits the right to criticise the President.

Q.3. On the basis of the various examples given in the chapter, state what should be the four features of a democracy. [V. Important]

Ans. Four features of a democracy are –

(i) Representatives elected by the people take all the major decisions.

(ii) Elections offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers.

(iii) This choice and opportunity is available to all the people on an equal basis.

(iv) The exercise of this choice leads to a government limited by basic rules of the constitution and citizens’ rights.

Q.4. Enumerate the arguments given against democracy.

Ans. Some of the arguments against democracy are as follows :

(i) Leaders keep changing in a democracy. This leads to instability.

(ii) Democracy is all about political competition and power play, with no scope for morality.

(iii) Since so many people are to be consulted in a democracy, it leads to delays.

(iv) Elected leaders do not know the best interest of the people; so it leads to bad decisions.

(v) Democracy leads to corruption as it is based on electoral competition.

Q.5. How does democracy provide a method to deal with differences and conflicts?

Ans. In any society people are bound to have differences of opinions and interests. These differences are particularly sharp in a country like India which has lot of social diversity. The preference of one group may class with those of the other groups. Democracy provides the only peaceful solution to this problem. In democracy, no one is a permanent winner or a permanent loser.

Different groups can live with one another peacefully. In a diverse country like ours, democracy keeps our country together.

Q.6. Write any four diadvantages of democracy. [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. (1) Leaders keep changing in a democracy. This leads to instability. (2) Democracy is all about political competition and power play. There is no scope for morality. (3) So many people have to be consulted in a Democracy that it leads tro delays. (4) Elected leaders do not know the best interest of the people. It leads to bad decisions.

Q.7. How does a democratic government rule within limits set by Constitutional Law? Give three reasons. [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. A democratic government cannot do whatever it likes simply because it has won an election.

Every major decision has to go through a series of consultations. Every office bearer has certain rights and responsibilities assigned by the constitution and the law. A democratic government rules within limits set by constitutional law and citizens rights.

Q.8. What is the significance of the rule of law and respect for rights in democratic country?

State four points. [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. A democractic government cannot do whatever it likes simply because it has won an election.

It has to respect some basic rules. In particular it has to respect some guarantees to the minorities. Every major decision has go through a series of consultation. Every office bearer has certain rights and responsibilities assigned by the constitutition and the law. Each is accountable not but only to law to other independent officials.

Q.9. Why is democracy called a ‘‘government by discussion’’? [2010 (T-1)] Ans. It is called a ‘‘government by discussion’’ because a democracy is based on consultation and discussion. A democratic decision always involves many persons discussions and meetings.

When a member of people together think over a certain matter they are able to point out possible mistakes. This takes time. But there is big advantage in taking time. This reduces rush decisions, problems are not resolved by brutal force but by peaceful discussions. It offers best alternative that we know.

Q.10. Why does a democratic country always need a constitution? [2010 (T-1)] Ans. All countries that are democratic will have constitutions. After the war of independence against Great Britain the Americans gave themselves a constitution. After the revolution the French people approved a democratic constitution. Since then it has became a practice in all democracies to have a written constitution.

Q.11. ‘‘Democracy enhances the dignity of citizen.’’ Justify this statement. [2010 (T-1)] Ans. Democracy is based on the principle of political equality on recognising that the poorest and the least educated has the same status as the rich and the educated. People are not subjects of a ruler. They are the rulers themselves. Even when they make mistakes they are responsible for their conduct

Q.12. ‘‘Democracy improve the quality of decision making.’’ Explain. [2010 (T-1)] Ans. Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts. In any society people are bound to have difference of opinions and interests. These differences are particularly sharp a country like ours which has an amazing social diversity. People belong to different regions speak different languages, practise different religions and have different castes. Preferences of a groups can clash with those of other groups. Democracy provides the only peaceful solution to this problem. In democracy no one is a permanent winner. No one a permanent loser. In a diverse country like India, democracy keeps our country together.

Q.13. Give any four reasons why democracies resolve conflict in a better way than other forms of governments. [2010 (T-1)]

Ans. Democracies resolve conflict in a better way. Reasons — (i) It improves the quality of decision making. It has scope for consultation and discusion. (ii) In a Democracy conflicts are not solved by brutal force but by peaceful solutions. (iii) Even even when people/associations/ government make mistakes for a democracy allows them to correct their mistakes; and (iv) Democracy provides a forum for consultations and discussions to resolve conflicts.

Q.14. Despite its demerits why is democracy the most preferred form of government? Explain.

[2010 (T-1)]

Ans. Despite its demerits democracy is still the most preferred form of government as it is— (i) a more accountable form of government. It responds to the needs of the people because the constitution requires it; and (ii) Better decision came for when many heads together strive to do so, this reduces the chance of rash decisions or irresponsible decisions plus a democracy enhances the dignity of citizens. It is clearly better than any other form of government.

Q.15. Why is democracy government a better government? Mention four reasons. [2010 (T-1)] Ans. A democratic government is a better government as— (i) it offers better changes of a good decision; (ii) it is always likely to respect people wishes and allows; (iii) different kinds of people to live together; and (iv) even when it fails to do something for the people it allows a way of correcting its mistakes and offers more dignity to all citizens. That is why a democracy is considered the best form of government.

Page No: 37

Exercises

1. Here is some information about four countries. Based on this information, how would you classify each of these countries. Write ‘democratic’, ‘undemocratic’ or ‘not sure’ against each of these.
(a) Country A: People who do not accept the country’s official religion do not have a right to vote.
(b) Country B: The same party has been winning elections for the last twenty years.
(c) Country C: Ruling party has lost in the last three elections.
(d) Country D: There is no independent election commission.

Answer

(a) Undemocratic
(b) Not sure
(c) Democratic
(d) Undemocratic

2. Here is some information about four countries. Based on this information, how would you classify each of these countries. Write ‘democratic’, ‘undemocratic’ or ‘not sure’ against each of these.
(a) Country P: The parliament cannot pass a law about the army without the consent of the Chief of Army.
(b) Country Q: The parliament cannot pass a law reducing the powers of the judiciary.
(c) Country R: The country’s leaders cannot sign any treaty with another country without taking permission from its neighbouring country.
(d) Country S: All the major economic decisions about the country are taken by officials of the central bank which the ministers cannot change.

Answer

(a) Undemocratic
(b) Democratic
(c) Undemocratic
(d) Undemocratic

3. Which of these is not a good argument in favour of democracy? Why?
(a) People feel free and equal in a democracy.
(b) Democracies resolve conflict in a better way than others.
(c) Democratic government is more accountable to the people.
(d) Democracies are more prosperous than others.

Answer

Option ‘D’ Democracies are more prosperous than others is not a good argument in favour of democracy as there are many countries such as Sri Lanka, India which opted for democracy but not prosperous where other countries such as China or Saudi Arabia which have communist and monarchy rule respectively are more prosperous. The prosperity of any country depends on the correct policies of the government. It also depends on the availibility of natural resources not with the form of government. Democracy can’t guarantee prosperity.

Page No: 38

4. Each of these statements contains a democratic and an undemocratic element. Write out the two separately for each statement.
(a) A minister said that some laws have to be passed by the parliament in order to conform to the regulations decided by the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
(b) The Election Commission ordered re-polling in a constituency where large-scale rigging was reported.
(c) Women’s representation in the parliament has barely reached 10 per cent. This led women’s organisations to demand one-third seats for women.

Answer

(a) A minister said that some laws have to be passed by the parliament – Democratic element
to the regulations decided by the World Trade Organisation (WTO). – Undemocratic element

(b) The Election Commission ordered re-polling in a constituency – Democratic element
large-scale rigging was reported – Undemocratic element

(c) This led women’s organisations to demand one-third seats for women. – Democratic element
Women’s representation in the parliament has barely reached 10 percent. – Undemocratic element

5. Which of these is not a valid reason for arguing that there is a lesser possibility of famine in a democratic country?
(a) Opposition parties can draw attention to hunger and starvation.
(b) Free press can report suffering from famine in different parts of
the country.
(c) Government fears its defeat in the next elections.
(d) People are free to believe in and practise any religion.

Answer

Option ‘d’ is not a valid reason for arguing that there is a lesser possibility of famine in a democratic country. This is because practising a religion has nothing to do with preventing famine.

6. There are 40 villages in a district where the government has made no provision for drinking water. These villagers met and considered many methods of forcing the government to respond to their need. Which of these is not a democratic method?
(a) Filing a case in the courts claiming that water is part of right to life.
(b) Boycotting the next elections to give a message to all parties.
(c) Organising public meetings against government’s policies.
(d) Paying money to government officials to get water.

Answer

Option ‘d’, which advocates paying the government officials money, is an undemocratic method.

7.Write a response to the following arguments against democracy.
(a) Army is the most disciplined and corruption-free organisation in the country. Therefore army should rule the country.
(b) Rule of the majority means the rule of ignorant people. What we need is the rule of the wise, even if they are in small numbers.
(c) If we want religious leaders to guide us in spiritual matters, why not invite them to guide us in politics as well. The country should be ruled by religious leaders.

Answer

A democracy is  government elected by the people, from among the people themselves. The Army is integral in protecting the country, but it is not elected by the people; hence, it cannot form a democratic government. The second statement is not true as all people are intelligent to some extent. The third statement is dangerous because bringing religion into politics can cause serious conflict.

8. Are the following statements in keeping with democracy as a value? Why?
(a) Father to daughter: I don’t want to hear your opinion about your marriage. In our family children marry where the parents tell them to.
(b) Teacher to student: Don’t disturb my concentration by asking me questions in the classroom.
(c) Employee to the officer: Our working hours must be reduced according to the law.

Answer

(a) This statement of father is undemocratic as every adult has right to choose their life partner. The father does not have right to impose their choice on daughter.

(b) This statement also is not under democratic setup. The student have right to ask question. This is undemocratic if his right is denied.

(c) The third statement is democratic as it calls for a rule of law which is beneficial for the employees.

9. Consider the following facts about a country and decide if you would call it a democracy. Give reasons to support your decision.
(a) All the citizens of the country have right to vote Elections are held regularly.
(b) The country took loan from international agencies. One of the conditions for given loan was that the government would reduce its expenses on education and health.
(c) People speak more than seven languages but education is available only in one language, the language spoken by 52 percent people of the country.
(d) Several organisations have given a call for peaceful demonstrations and nation wide strikes in the country to oppose these policies. Government has arrested these leaders.
(e) The government owns the radio and television in the country. All the newspapers have to get permission from the government to publish any news about government’s policies and protests.

Answer

(a) This is democracy as only democratic setup allow right to vote and also election at regular time period.

(b) A democratic country has to look after the welfare of its people. The condition of reducing of expenses on health and education is against the welfare of the people.

(c) In democracy, education is available in all languages as it basic right. Official language can be the language of majority of people.

(d) In a democracy, people have right to express their opinion in peaceful manner. It is undemocratic behaviour.

(e) This is undemocratic nature as in democracy freedom of press and media is must. If government own radio and television then freedom of press violated.

   WHAT IS DEMOCRACY? WHY DEMOCRACY NOTES

Q.1 Write a broad definition of democracy.

ANS. Democracy is a form of government in which the rules are elected by the people. Democracy form of government in which

• Rules elected by the people take all the major decision.
• Elections offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rules.
• This choice and opportunity is available to all the people an equal basis.
• The exercise of this choice leads to a government limited by basic rules of the constitution and citizen rights.

Q2.  write any 5 arguments against democracy?

Ans. Leaders keep changing in a democracy. This leads to instability.

• Democracy is all about political competition and power play. There is no scope for morality.
• So many people have to be consulted in a democracy that it leads to delay
• Elected leaders do not know the best interest of the people. It leads to lead decision.
• Democracy leads to corruption for it is based on electoral competition.

Q3. Briefly state some of the argument in support of democracy?

ANS. A democratic government is the better government because it is a more accountable form of government.

• Democracy improves the quality of decision making.
• Democracy provides methods to deal with difference and conflicts.
• Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens.
• Democracy is better than other forms of government because it allows us to correct it’s our mistakes.

Q.4. Democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government. Explain.

Ans  Democracy is better than any other form of government in responding to the needs of the people.

• A men democratic government may and come respond to the people’s need, but it all depends on the wishes of the people who rule.
• If the rulers don’t want to they don’t have to act according to the wishes of the people.
• Democracy requires that the rulers have to attend to the needs of the people.

WHAT IS DEMOCRACY?

1.Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people.

• Myanmar where the army rules, Dictator Pinochet’s rule in Chile, or President
  Nkrumah’s rule in Ghana was not democratic. They were not chosen by the people.
  
• Hereditary kings, like the king of Nepal or Saudi Arabia, are also not democratic rulers.
  They rule because they were born into noble families.

2. In a democracy final decision making power must rest with those elected by the people.

• 
   In Pakistan, President Musharraf has the power to dismiss national and state assemblies; so the final powers rest with the army and the General himself. We cannot call it a democracy.

3. A democracy must be based on a free and fair election where those currently in power have a fair chance of losing.

• For example, in Mexico elections have been held every six years since 1980. But the same party, PRI, has won the elections. Obviously, there has been rigging and malpractices, with freedom denied to the opposition. This is not what a democracy should be.

4. In a democracy, people’s will is ascertained by each adult citizen having one vote and each vote has one value. Democracy is based on the fundamental principle of political equality.

5. A democratic government rules within limits set by constitutional and citizens’ rights.

• A democratic government cannot do what it likes after winning the elections. It has to
  respect certain basic rules and is accountable not only to the people but also to other
  independent officials.

WHY DEMOCRACY?

Points Against
There has been a criticism of democracy by various people. The charges are that :
It creates instability by changing its leaders frequently.

• Democracy is about power play and political competition. There is no scope for morality.
  
• So many people have to be consulted before any issue is solved. It leads to delay.
  
• Elected leaders do not know the best interest of the people.
  
• It leads to corruption for it is based on electoral corruption.
  
• Ordinary people do not know what is good for them, so decision making should not be
  left to them.