Ultimate Blogging Championship

Category: Social Science

  • Important Terms Of The Nationalist Movement In Indo-China

    SECTION A — EMERGING FROM THE SHADOW OF CHINA
    THE DILEMMA OF COLONIAL EDUCATION AND
    HYGIENE, DISEASE AND EVERYDAY RESISTANCE

    1. Indo-China comprises the modern countries of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.
    2. Vietnam followed a Chinese system of government as well as Chinese culture.
    3. The French colonised Vietnam. After defeating China, they assumed control of Tonkin and Anaam.
    4. In 1887, French Indo-China was formed.
    5. Colonies were considered essential to supply natural resources and other essential goods. The French built infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move military garrisons and control the entire region.
    6. The colonial economy in Vietnam was based on rice cultivation and rubber plantations. Very little industrialisation of Vietnam by France.
    7. To counter Chinese influence, the French systematically dismantled the traditional educational system and established French schools for the Vietnamese.
    8. The textbooks glorified French rule and culture.
    9. Students fought against discrimination against the Vietnamese in white collar jobs. Schools became important place for cultural and political battles. Education became an important part of the larger battle against colonialism and for independence.
    10. In 1902, the French part of Hanoi was hit by a rat menace. Vietnamese were paid to catch and kill the rats. Plague swept the area in 1903, as clever Vietnamese took to clipping the rats’ tails as proofs. They let the rats go.
    11. Colonialism was fought in such resistant acts in everyday life.

    SECTION B —

    (I) RELIGION AND ANTI-COLONIALISM
    (II) THE VISION OF MODERNISATION
    (III) THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT AND VIETNAMESE NATIONALISM

    1. Religious beliefs of Vietnam were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices.
    2. The French introduced Christianity, their Missionaries were hostile to the easy-going attitude of the Vietnamese towards religion.
    3. Scholars’ Revolt of 1868 : Led by officials of the Imperial Court. Uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces killed a thousand Catholics. By the middle of the 18th century 300,000 people converted to Christianity. Revolt suppressed by the French.
    4. The Hoa Hao Movement began in 1939 under its founder Huynh Phu So.
    5. He performed miracles, helped the poor, opposed sale of brides, gambling and use of opium and alcohol.
    6. The French declared him mad and sent him to a mental asylum. Freed in 1946, but exiled to Laos. Followers sent to concentration camps.
    7. Vision of Modernisation : Two opinions held
      (i) Vietnamese traditions had to be strengthened to resist western domination.
      (ii) The second school felt that the Vietnamese had to learn from the West, while resisting its domination.
    8. Phan Boi Chau (1867-1940) formed the ‘Revolution Society’ (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903 with Prince Cuong De as the lead. He wrote a book, ‘History of the Loss of Vietnam’ under the influence of the Chinese reformer Liang Qichao (1873-1929). He believed that the French should be driven out first and then monarchy should be restored in Vietnam.
    9. Phan Chu Trinh (1871-1926) differed strongly. He was totally opposed to monarchy and wanted to establish a democratic republic.
    10. Go East Movement : Some 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan in 1907-08 to acquire modern education. Their aim was to drive out the French and re-establish the Ngu Yen dynasty. They wanted Japanese help and established a Restoration Society in Tokyo. But after 1908, the Japanese closed the society, and sent many of them, including Phan Boi Chau to exile in China and Thailand.
    11. Whe Sun Yat Sen overthrew monarchy in China in 1911, a new association – Association for Restoration of Vietnam was formed. Their objective was to have a Democratic Republic and a Constitutional Monarchy in Vietnam.
    12. The Communist Movement
    13. The Great Depression of the 1930s led to unemployment, debts and rural uprisings in Vietnam.
    14. A new leader, Ho Chi Minh, appeared on the scene in 1930. He established the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, inspired by Europeon communists.
    15. Ho Chi Minh (He who enlightens) was born in Central Vietnam; later became an active member of the committee. He met Lenin and other leaders. After 30 years stay in Europe, Thailand and China he returned to Vietnam in May 1941. He became President of Vietnam Democratic Republic.
    16. In 1940, Japan occupied Vietnam. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (known as the Viet Minh) fought the Japanese, recaptured Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh became the chairman of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in September 1943.
    17. Vietnamese Nationalism : The French set up a puppet regime under Bao Dai as Emperor. After years of fighting, the French were finally defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
    18. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1953-1954)
    19. On 7 May, 1954, more than 16,000 soldiers of the French army were either killed or captured. The entire French commanding staff, including a General, 16 Colonels, 1749 officers were taken prisoner.
    20. Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh and Bao Dai became rulers in north and south respectively.
    21. The division led to war. The Bau Dai regime was overthrown by Ngo Dinh Diem. The south united and formed the National Liberation Front (NLF) and fought for unification of the country under Ho Chi Minh.
    22. Fear of communism made the US intervene in Vietnam and a bitter war was fought during 1965-1972. Finally, peace was restored in 1974.

     

    SECTION C — THE NATION AND ITS HEROES
    THE END OF WAR

    1. Women played no role in public life of the Vietnamese, but the freedom struggle led to an emerging new image of womanhood.
    2. Women like Trung sisters (39-43 CE) became idols. Same was the case with Trieu Au of 3rd century CE.
    3. In the 1960s, women were depicted as young, brave and dedicated. They were shown as warriors and workers.
    4. The image of the warrior woman was replaced with the image of worker woman, in the 1970s, when the end of the war was near.
    5. The US failed to achieve its objectives in the US Vietnam war.
    6. The US-Vietnam war was called the first television war.
    7. On 30 April, 1975 the North Liberation Front (NLF) occupied the presidential palace in Saigon and unified Vietnam.

  • NCERT Solutions Of The Nationalist Movement In Indo-China History Class 10th

    Page No: 52

    Write in Brief

    1. Write a note on:

    (a) What was meant by the ‘civilising mission’ of the colonisers: The European countries acquired colonies in the East Asian countries to exploit their natural resources. Like other European countries the French also propagated that it was their mission to bring the benefits of civilization to backward people. They posed that they were driven by the idea of the civilizing mission. Like the British in India, the French claimed they were bringing modern civilization to Vietnam. They considered that it was their duty to bring modern ideas into their colonies even at the cost of destroying the local culture, beliefs, etc.

    (b) Huynh Phu So: Huynh Phu So was the founder of a nationalist movement called Hoa Hao. He performed miracles and helped the poor. His criticism against useless expenditure had a wide appeal. He also opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. The French tried to suppress the movement inspired by Huynh Phu So. They declared him mad, called him the Mad Bonze, and put him in a mental asylum. But the doctor, who had to prove him mad, became his follower. Finally, he was exiled to Laos and many of his followers were sent to concentration camps.

    2. Explain the following:
    (a) Only one-third of the students in Vietnam would pass the school-leaving examinations.
    (b) The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta.
    (c) The government made the Saigon Native Girls School take back the students it had expelled.
    (d) Rats were most common in the modern, newly built areas of Hanoi.

    Answer

    (a) Only one-third of the students in Vietnam would pass the school-leaving examinations because the French colonial administration followed a deliberate policy of failing students in their final year examinations so that they could not qualify for better-paid jobs. Only the wealthy Vietnamese could afford enrolment in these expensive schools, and to add to that, very few would pass the school-leaving examinations.
    (b) The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta for increased cultivation. This was done under a garb to “civilise” Vietnam on a European model, but it was actually an economic idea meant to increase rice production and subsequent export of rice to the international market.

    (c) When the French principal of the Saigon Native Girls School expelled the students protesting another student’s expulsion, there was widespread remonstration. Considering the gravity of the situation, the government decided to control the intensity of the protests by providing an outlet-making the school take back the students.

    (d) Rats were most common in the modern, newly built areas of Hanoi because the modern and apparently hygienic sewage system provided ideal breeding grounds for rodents apart from being a good transport system as well, for the rats. Sewage from the old city was drained out into the river or overflowed in the streets during heavy rains. The large sewers now became a protected breeding and living space for rats. Hanoi, despite its “modernity”, became the chief cause of the plague in 1903.

    3. Describe the ideas behind the Tonkin Free School. To what extent is it a typical example of colonial ideas in Vietnam?

    Answer

    Like other colonisers, the French also thought that they were on a civilising mission. Thus the Tonkin Free School was opened to give Western education. The school taught science, hygiene and French, other than the common subjects. For these three subjects the students had to attend evening classes and also pay separately. The students were not only made to attend these classes but they were asked to sport modern looks too. A typical example of this was that Vietnamese were asked to cut off their long hair and adopt a short hair cut which was absolutely against their culture.

    4. What was Phan Chu Trinh’s objective for Vietnam? How were his ideas different from those of Phan Boi Chau?

    Answer

    Phan Chu Trinh’s objective for Vietnam was to make it a democratic republic, along the western ideals of liberty. He accused the French of not following their own national ideals, and demanded for the setting up of legal and educational institutions alongside the development of agriculture and industries.
    Unlike Phan Boi Chau, Phan Chu Trinh was extremely opposed to the monarchy. Hence, their ideas had at their roots this fundamental difference.

    Discuss

    1. With reference to what you have read in this chapter, discuss the influence of China on Vietnam’s culture and life.

    Answer

    The influence of China on Vietnam’s culture and life was multifarious before the French colonised Vietnam. Even when the latter gained independence in 1945, the rulers maintained the use of Chinese governance systems and culture. The elites were vastly influenced by Chinese culture and life, as has been elucidated in Phan Boi Chau’s book “The History of the Loss of Vietnam”. Chinese language and Confucianism were followed by the upper classes in Vietnam. In 1911, when the Chinese Republic was set up, Vietnamese students followed suit in organising the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam. Vietnamese men also kept their hair long – a Chinese tradition.

    2. What was the role of religious groups in the development of anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam?

    Answer

    Religion had always played a pivotal role in the lives of people in Vietnam. Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mix of Buddhism, Confucianism and local customs. Christianity looked down upon their reverence for the supernatural. In 1868, the Scholars’ Revolt protested against the tyrannical spread of Christianity, and though the movement was defeated, it inspired others to follow suit. The Hoa Hoa movement in 1939 drew upon popular religious ideas of the nineteenth century, and its leader Huynh Phu So was a famous entity. These groups were not in tandem with political parties which tended to look down upon their activities with discomfort. Nevertheless, religious movements were successful in arousing anti-imperialist tendencies in the Vietnamese people.

    3. Explain the causes of the US involvement in the war in Vietnam. What effect did this involvement have on life within the US itself?

    Answer

    The US got involved in the war in Vietnam because it feared that a communist government would come to power in Vietnam after the National Liberation Front formed a coalition with the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, against Ngo Dinh Diem’s regime. US policy-planners feared a spread of communism to other countries in the area.
    This involvement in the Vietnam war affected life within the US itself because of widespread public dissent. Only university graduates were exempt from compulsory service in the army and this caused even more anger amongst the minorities and working-class families.

    4. Write an evaluation of the Vietnamese war against the US from the point of
    (a) a porter on the Ho Chi Minh trail.
    (b) a woman soldier.

    Answer

    a) From 1965 to 1972, the US-Vietnam War continued and caused losses to both US and Vietnam.
    The Vietnamese people suffered human and property losses, yet they never stopped their struggle for freedom. Here it is important to mention the role played by the porters in getting freedom and unity of Vietnam. The porters set out without fear on the Ho Chi Minh Trail which was a great expansive network of roads and footpaths. The heroic porters carried as much as 25 kg to 70 kg of weight on their backs or bicycles. They did not fear that they might fall over in the deep valleys. They bravely walked on the narrow, dangerous roads that marked the treacherous routes. They also did not feel afraid of being shot down by aircraft guns. They put all their fears aside and walked on to maintain the supply line. This fact showed that the porters were heroic and patriotic.

    b) The Vietnamese women played an important role in the US-Vietnam War. They were both warriors and workers. As warriors and soldiers, the Vietnamese women constructed six air strips, they neutralised thousands of bombs and went on to shoot down fifteen planes. There were 1.5 million Vietnamese women in the regular army, the militia, the local forces and professional teams. The women workers were also engaged as porters, nurses and construction workers.

    5. What was the role of women in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam? Compare this with the role of women in the nationalist struggle in India.

    Answer

    Women played a crucial role in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam. Women who rebelled against social conventions were idealised and rebel women of the past were likewise celebrated. Trieu Au was a popular figure in nationalist tales. In the 1960s, women were represented as brave soldiers and workers. They assisted in nursing wounded soldiers, constructing underground tunnels and fighting the enemy. Interestingly, between 1965 and 1975, 70-80% of the youth working on the Ho Chi Minh trail were women.
    Compared to this very direct and active participation of Vietnamese women in the anti-imperial struggle, India women did not play a very dynamic role in the nationalist struggle of India against Great Britain. They followed Gandhian ideals of boycotting foreign goods and picketing liquor shops, but mainstream politics was controlled by men; although women like Sarojini Naidu, Kamla Nehru and Kasturba Gandhi were keenly involved.

    https://www.imperialstudy.com/nationalist-movement-in-indo-china-notes/

     

  • Notes of Outcomes Of Democracy Class 10th Civics Chapter 7

    7- Outcomes of Democracy

    How do we access democracy’s outcomes

    How do you say that democracy is a better form of Govt.?

    Ans. 1) Democracy promotes equality among citizens.

    2) It enhances the dignity of individual.

    3) It improves the quality of decision making.

    4) /it provides a method to resolve conflicts.

    5) It allows room to correct mistakes.

    The dilemma of democracy: Democracy is seen to be good in principle, but felt to not so good in practice.

    Important feature of democracy
    • Democracies have formed, the constitution they hold election they have parties they provide a right to the citizen.
    • The first step towards thinking carefully about the outcomes of democracy is to recognize that democracy is just a form of govt.

    Accountable, responsive & Legitimate govt.

    How can we say that democracy is accountable, Responsive and legitimate?

    Ans. 1) People have right to choose the ruler and have control over them.

    2) People can participate in decision making.

    3) Democracy produces a govt. that is accountable to the citizen and responsive to the needs and expectation of the citizens.

    4) Democracy is based on deliberation and negotiation.

    5) Democratic decisions are acceptable to the citizens.

    6) Citizens have right to examine the process of decision making it is called transparency.

    7) A Legitimate democratic govt. is people’s own govt.

    Economic Growth and Development

    1. What are factors that economic development depends on?

    Ans. Country’s population size, global situation, Co-Operation from other countries, economic priorities adopted by the government.

    Reduction of inequality and poverty

    • Democracies are based on political equality all individuals have equal weight in electing representatives.
    • Parallel to the process of bringing individual into the political area on an equal footing, we find growing economic inequalities.
    • A small no. of ultra rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and incomes.
    • Democracies do not appear to be very successful on reducing economic inequalities.

    Accommodation of Social Diversity

    Democracy usually develops a procedure to conduct their competition this reduces the possibility of these tensions becoming expensive.

    How do Democracies accommodate social diversity?

    Ans. 1) No society can fully resolve conflicts among different groups.

    2) Democracy is best suited to negotiate to differences.

    3) Nondemocratic rules often term a blind eye to social differences.

    4) Ability to handle social differences, conflict and decision is a plus pointed democracy.

    Democracies must fulfill 2 conditions in order to achieve outcome:

    1. It is necessary to understand that democracy does not simply rule by the majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that govt. function to represent the general view.
    2. It is also necessary that rule by the majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion on race or linguistic. Majority means in case every decision or in case of every election, different persons and group may and can form a majority remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time.

    Dignity and Freedom of citizens

    Role play by democracies to ensure dignity and freedom of citizens?

    Ans. 1) Democracy stand much superior to among other form of govt. in promotion dignity and freedom to the individual.

    2) Women are given equal treatment in democratic society.

    3) Equal status and equal opportunities are assured to disadvantaged and discriminated.

    How examination of Democracy never gets over?

    Ans. As democracy passes one test, it produces another test. As people get some benefit democracy, they ask for more and want to make democracy even better. That is why, when we ask people about the way democracy function, they will always come up with more expectation an may complain. The fact that people are complaining is itself a testimony to the success of democracy it shows that people have developed awareness and ability to expect and to look critically at power holder and high and the mighty. A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the democratic project: A transformation peoples from the status of the subject into that of citizens.

    Long struggle by women have created some sensitivity today that respect to and equal treatment of women is necessary ingredients of democratic society explain?

    Ans.

    • The principle of Equality: Democracy follow the principle of equal voting right is given to all irrespective of people’s caste, colour, and gender.
    • Lega’s base: Democracy do not give equal treatment and respect to women. But once the principle of equality is to recognize it becomes easier for women to struggle against what is more acceptable
    • Women’s Political Representation.

    Explain any 4 areas in which democracy has failed?

    Ans.

    1. Corruption: The record of democracies shows us that most of the democratic countries have failed to remove corruption.
    2. Nonattentive to needs of people: A democratic govt. should be attentive to needs and demand of people, but unfortunately, the record of democracy is not impressive on this issue.
    3. Economic growth and development: Democracy has failed on this issue. If one considers all democracies and all dictatorship for that 60 years dictatorship has a slightly higher rate of common growth.
    4. Production of Inequality: One expects democracies to reduce economic disparities. Most of the democracies of the world have failed on this issue.
    5. Reduction of Poverty: In most of the democracy a small number of Alta rich enjoy a highly disproportionate wealth and income. These at the bottom have little to depend upon.

    Thanks <3
    If you have any queries just comments below 🙂

  • Important Terms Of Resources And Development Class 10th Geography

    # Resource : Natura endowments in the form of land, water, vegetation, and minerals are called natural resources. Resources are materials which can be transformed in such a way that they become more valuable and usefu# for fulfilling human needs.

    # Types of Resources : Resources are classified into various categories such as natura# and human-made, renewable and non-renewable, individual, community, nationa# and
    international resources.

    # Natura and Human-Made or Man-Made Resources : Natura resources include land, soil, water, vegetation, wildlife, minerals and power resources. Resources created by humans are called human-made resources like engineering, technology, machines, buildings, monuments paintings and socia institutions.

    # Biotic and Abiotic Resources : Resources obtained from the biosphere like forests, wildlife, fisheries, livestock, human beings, etc., which have life, are called biotic resources.
    Resources which are obtained from non-living things are called abiotic resources. Iron,
    copper, gold and lead are abiotic resources.

    # Human Resources : These resources are made up of the human beings living in the world. They are the most important resource of a nation.

    # Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources : Some resources have the ability to renew
    themselves in a given period of time. Plants and animals have the ability to regenerate.
    Minerals are non-renewable resources. They cannot be remade. Some of the important
    renewable resources are water, forests, solar, wind and tidal energy.
    # Resource Development: Some natural resources cannot be used directly. While using the natural resources, we must keep in mind the nature, type and the size of the resources. Ocean water, solar energy, wind energy and climate are inexhaustible resources. Iron, tin, copper, gold, and silver are exhaustible but reusable resources. We must reuse and recycle the resources.

    # Resource Planning: This is a technique or skill of proper utilization of resources. Resource
    planning consists of three stages —
    Preparation of an inventory of resources — This stage includes surveying, mapping and measurement of characteristics and properties of resources.
    Evaluation in terms of availability for development — This stage includes the
    examination of resources from the point of view of technology, economy, and need.
    Planning of exploitation of resources — This stage is related to systematic planning
    which emphasizes on the use and reuse of the resources. Resource planning helps to reduce
    wastage and keeps the environment pollution free.
    Conservation of resources — The management of resources by the humans is known as
    conservation. It is the judicious and planned use of the natura# resources.

    # Land resources — India has a variety of relief features like mountains, plateaus, and plains. 43% of the country is covered by plains and they provide cultivable land for growing crops. 30% of the country is covered by mountains and they provide natural resources like forests and wildlife. 27% of the country is covered by plateaus which contain mineral resources, forests and some arable land.

    # Total area of India is 3.28 million square kilometers. 44% of the total land area of India is the net sown area. 22% is covered by forests, 4% is a culturable waste, 11% is fallow land, 4% are permanent pastures, 14% land is not available for cultivation and 1% is covered by miscellaneous tree crops.

    # The landuse pattern in India is determined by both physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types as well as human factors such as population density, technological capability, and culture and traditions etc.

    # The degradation of natural vegetation is caused by overgrazing by animals, deforestation, careless management of forests and degradation of land. At present, about 130 million hectares of degraded land exists in India.

    # Soil: The uppermost layer of the earth’s crust, which is loose, fragmented and useful for plants is called soil.

    # Soil Formation: The factors that contribute to the formation and fertility of the soil are parent rocks, climate, plant, animal and local topography. The soils are made out of rocks.

    The rocks disintegrate and decompose under the processes of weathering and erosion.

    # Soil Types: The soils of India are classified into the following types —# Alluvial Soil 2 Black Soil 3 Red Soil 4 Laterite Soil 5 Mountain Soil 6 Desert Soil.

    # Alluvial Soil: It is of two types — khadar and banger. It is found mainly in the Northern Plains and Coastal Strips of the Eastern Coast.

    # Black Soil: It is derived from the Deccan Traps. It occurs in areas like Maharashtra, Western Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat. It is known for the cultivation of cotton.

    # Red Soil: It is formed in areas of igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is found in parts of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, and Jharkhand.

    # Laterite Soil: It is the intensively leached soil of the monsoon climate. It is found in the hills of the Deccan, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa and parts of Assam and Meghalaya.

    # Mountain Soil: It is characterized by the deposition of organic materials derived from the vegetative cover. It is found in Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern ranges, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.

    # Desert Soil: It is found in the arid areas of Rajasthan, Punjab, and Haryana.

    # Soil Erosion: The removal of soil from one place to another by some natural agent is called soil erosion. Conservation of lands and plantation of trees are the methods adopted to reduce soil erosion

  • Notes Of Resources And Development Geography Class 10th

    Chapter-1
    Resources and Development

    Resource

    • Everything available in our earth which can be used to satisfy our needs.
    • It is technologically accessible, economically jeasible and culturally acceptable.

    Classification Of Resources

    On The Basis Of Origin, Resources Are Classified In Two Groups:

    1. Biotic: The resources which are found in the biosphere and have life example flora and fauna.
    2. Abiotic: Composed of non living things. Example: Rock, metals.

    On The Basis Of Exhaustibility:

    1. Renewable Resources: The resources which can be renewed or reproduce. Example: water and solar energy.
    2. Non-Renewable Resources: Those resources which cannot be renewed or replenished easily. Formation takes place million of year. Example: fossil fuels, minerals

    On The Basis Of Ownership:

    1. Individual Resources: Resources and privately by individual. Example: land by farmer.
    2. Community Owned Resources: Resources which are accessible to all the members of community of playground burial ground.
    3. National Resources: The resources which belong to a nation easy roadway Railway ocean water 12 nautical miles (22.3 km)
    4. International Resources: The resources which do not belongs to a particular Nation. Eg: Ocean resources beyond 200 km.

    On The Basis Of States Of Development:

    1. Potential Resources: The resources which are founded in a region but have not been utilized. Eg: Wind and solar energy in Gujarat and Rajasthan.
    2. Development Resources: The resources which are survey and their quality and quantity are determined. Eg: Tree in forest
    3. Stock: The resources which have the potential to satisfy the human needs. But human do not have the technology to use them. Eg: Water (hydrogen, oxygen)
    4. Reserve: The resources which can be put in the use with the help of technology. But they are use has not been started. Eg: Hydro electricity from water.

     

    Sustainable Economic Development:

    Development should take place without damaging the environment

    First Earth summit-> Rio de Janeiro in 1992

     

    Resource Planning

    It is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.

     

    Importance Of Resource Planning In India

    • India has great diversity in the availability of resources
    • Some region or self-sufficient while some other reasons has a shortage of resources. Eg: Jharkhand mineral resources, Rajasthan- no water resources.
    • A balance resource planning is necessary

     

    Resource Planning Ways

    • Identification of resources by surveying, mapping, etc
    • Making a planning structure with the help of technology
    • Matching the resource development plans with National Development plan
    • Conservation of resources-importance
    • Resources are necessary for any development activity
    • Overutilization and irrational consumption may lead to social economic and environmental problem.
    • To overcome their problems we should conserve them.

     

    Land Resources:

    • Land is the most important natural resource. All the economic activity is performed on land.
    • It supports natural vegetation and animal live human life.
    • It is the finite resources.

     

    Name The Different Relief Features And Their Uses:

    • 43%- Plans (For Agriculture industry)
    • 30%- mountain (water, tourism, ecology)
    • 27%- Plateans (Minerals, Fossil Fuels)

     

    Soil As A Resource

    • It is the most important renewable resource.
    • Medium of plant growth and supports different living organisms.

    Factors That Help In The Formation Of Soil:

    Relief, parent rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time. The natural forces like raining, water, temperature, Wind, glaciers, etc also help.

     

    Classification Of Soil:

     

    Alluvial  Soil:

    • It is the widely spread soil in india and the entire northern plain is made up of this soil.
    • They are deposited by the three important Himalayan river system i.e Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra
    • According to their age alluvial soil is of two types:

    * Khadar (Newer Alluvial)

    * Bangar (Older Alluvial)

    • They are very fertile and contain potash, phosphoric acid and lime.
    • Ideal for the cultivation of sugar cane, paddy, wheat, pulses, etc.
    • Areas of alluvial soil are intensely cultivated and densely populated.

     

    Black Soil:

    • Its black in color also known as regur soil.
    • This soil is idea for growing cotton, so it is known as black cotton soil.
    • coelomates and parent rock are the foctors in the formation of black soil.
    • They have the capacity to hold moisture contain lime, potash, etc and poor in phospheric acid contents.
    • They develop deep cracks during summers which help in the content of proper aeration of the soil.
    • Ideal for tea, coffee, cashews, etc.

     

    Laterite soil:

    • The word ‘Laterite’ is derived from the Latin word ‘later’ means brick.
    • It is found in the areas of high temperature and heavy rain fall.
    • Humus content is very low because most of the microorganisms like bacteria get destroyed drying summers.
    • Ideal for growing tree, coffee and cashew nuts.

     

    Arid soils:

    • They are of red to brown in colors.
    • They re sandy and saline.
    • Due to the dry climate and high temperature, the soil lacks of humus and moisture. They are found in the areas like western rajasthan.

     

    Forest soils:

    • Forest soils are found in the hilly and mountainous areas.
    • In the snow covered areas of the Himalayas, the soil experiences denudation.
    • They are acidic and has low humus content.

     

    Soil Erosion:

    The denudation of the soil cover and its washing down is known as soil erosion.

    • Human activities that cause soil erosion are deforestation, overgrazing, construction, mining, etc.
    • Natural forces like wind, glaciers and water.

     

     

    Kinds Of Erosion:

    • Gully Erosion: Running water cuts through the soil and make deep channels. Soil becomes Uncultivable, known as bad.
    • Sheet Erosion: Soil is removed in large areas in the form of sheet.
    • Wind Erosion: Soil is removed at the time of heavy wind.

    Measures Taken For Soil Conservation:

    • Contour Ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines.
    • Terrace Farming: Steps can be cut out on the slopes.
    • Strip Cultivation: Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops.
    • Shelter Belts: Trees are grown in rows.
    • Stabilization of sand lines by planting thorny bushes.

  • SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS) of Democracy in the Contemporary World Class 9th Social Science Civics

    Q.1. Who was Allende? [Important]
    Ans. Allende was the founder leader of the Socialist Party of Chile, a country in South America.
    He led the Popular Unity Coalition to victory in 1970 and became the President of Chile. As
    President he took several policy decisions to help the poor and the workers.

    Q.2. Why did the workers of Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk go on strike in 1980?
    Ans.    The workers the Lenin Shipyard in the city of Gdansk went on a strike on 14 Aug 1980. The
    factory was owned by the government. The workers went on a strike demanding the factory
    to take back a crane operator, a woman worker, who was unjustly dismissed from the service.
    Q.3. What was the position that Nkrumah enjoyed in Ghana after its independence?
    Ans.    Ghana became independent in 1957. After independence Nkrumah became the first Prime
    Minister and than the President of Ghana. He was an inspiration for democrats in Africa, but
    he got himself elected President for life. Soon after in 1966, he was overthrown by the military.
    Q.4. What role does General Assembly play in the UN?
    Ans.    General Assembly is like the Parliament of UN where all the discussions take place. In that
    sense, the UN would appear to be a very democratic organisation. But the General Assembly
    cannot take any decision about what action should be taken in a conflict between countries.
    Q.5. State how Security Council helps in making the UN a democratic body.
    Ans.    The Security Council has 15 members – 5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members. This
    15 member Security Council of the the UN takes crucial decisions. However, the real power
    is with the five permanent members; and they possess the veto power. So, Security Council
    doesn’t help much in making the UN a democratic body.
    Q.6. Give one example to prove that the global institution, IMF, fails to pass the simple test
    of democracy that is used for national governments.
    Ans.    International Monetary Fund (IMF) is one of the biggest moneylenders in the world. But its
    173 member states do not have equal voting rights as the vote of each country is weighed by
    how much money it has contributed to the IMF. Nearly half of the voting power in the IMF
    is in the hands of only seven countries (US, Japan, France, UK, Saudi Arabia, China and
    Russia).
    Q.7. Should a democratic country wage a war and invade other countries for establishing
    democracy there? Give your opinion stating at least one example. [Important]
    Ans.    In my opinion, the democratic countries do not have any right to wage a war in order to
    establish democracy in non-democratic countries. The attack of US on Iraq, blaming it for
    possessing the weapons of mass destruction, was more because of its own ambition than
    establishment of democracy there. Moreover, unless people of a nation are themselves actively
    engaged in a struggle to make their society democratic, external help will be hardly of any help.
    Q.8. The functioning of UN Security Council is undemocratic. Justify the statement by giving
    three suitable examples? [2010 (T-1)]
    Ans.    (i) The real power is with the five permanent members.
    (ii) These members have veto power.
    (iii)Security council cannot take a decision if these permanent members say    No to it.
    Q.9. What policies were adopted by Salvador Allende after his election as President of Chile
    in 1970? Assess any three reforms. [2010 (T-1)]
    Ans.    (i) Reform of the educational system.
    (ii) Free milk for children.
    (iii)Redistribution of land to the landless farmers.
    Q.10. ‘International Monetary Fund is not truely democratic institution.’ Justify this statement
    with three examples. [2010 (T-1)]
    Ans.    (i) IMF’s 173 member states do not have equal voting rights.
    (ii) The vote of each country is weighed by how much money it has contributed to the IMF.
    (iii)Nearly half of the voting power is in the hands of only seven countries.
    Q.11. Explain any three contributions of UN as a government of the world. [2010 (T-1)]
    Ans.    (i) It is a global association of nations of the world to help in international law security
    economic development and social equity.
    (ii) It maintains peace and security among countries, it can put together on International Army.
    (iii) It can take action against the wrong doer.
    Q.12. Who was elected as President of Chile in 1970? What steps did he take to help the poor?
    [2010 (T-1)]
    Ans.    Salvador Allende was elected president of Chile in 1970. (i) He reformed education system;
    (ii) He provide free milk for children; and (iii) He arranged redistribution of land to the
    landless farmers.
    Q.13. ‘The disintegration of the Soviet Union accelerated the process of expansion of
    democracy.’ Give reasons. [2010 (T-1)]
    Ans.    Disintergration of the Soviet Union accelerated the process of democracy :
    (i) As it controlled many of its neighbouring communist countries in Eastern Europe.
    (ii) Countries controlled by it became democracies.
    (iii) Soviet Union comprised 15 Republics. They all emerged as independent countries, most
    of them as decomracies.

    Q.14. How was democracy re-established in Poland? [2010 (T-1)]
    Ans. Lech Walesa – an electrician, joined the strikers (workers of Lenin Shipyard). He became
    popular. The government agreed to the workers, demand. An independent trade union was

    formed. Soon it had one crore members. The government tried to put it down. Another wave
    of strike followed. This time it resulted in an agreement in 1989 for free elections. Walesa was
    elected President of Poland.
    Q.15. Give any three features of democracy. [2010 (T-1)]
    Ans.    (i) Allende’s democratic government preferred government control on big industries and
    economy.
    (ii) Walesa wanted the market to be free of government interference.
    (iii) Michelle stands somewhere in the middle.

    Q.16. Who was Lech Walesa? How did he become famous in Poland? [2010 (T-1)]
    Ans. Lech Walesa was a former electrician of the Lenin Shipyard. He joined and then led the
    striking workers. He signed a 21 point agreement with the government that ended the strike.
    A new trade union called Solidarity was formed.
    General Jaruzeleski imposed martial law. Another wave of strike follwed in April 1989. Free
    election were held. Solidarity won 99 out of 100 seats. Walesa was elected President of
    Poland.

    Q.17. Who was Salvador Allende? Why was his policy opposed by the aristocrats?
    [2010 (T-1)]
    Ans.    Salvador Allende was the President of Chile. The landlords, the rich and the church opposed
    his reforms and policies.

    Q.18. How did Solidarity come to power in Poland? [2010 (T-1)]
    Ans. On 11 September 1973 the military took over the seaport. The Defence Minister was arrested
    by the military. Allende was asked to resign. He addressed the nation on the radio. It was his
    last speech. He died in a military attack on the president’s house.

     

  • Multiple Choice Questions [Solved] [1 Marks] of Democracy in the Contemporary World Class 9th Social Science Civics

    MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS [1 MARK]

     “Workers of my homeland! I have faith in Chile and its future ……  It  will  be  a  moral lesson  to  castigate  felony,  cowardice,  and  treason.”  Who said this?                [Important]

    • General Augusto Pinochet (b) General  Alberto Bachelet

    (c)  Salvador Allende                                     (d)  Michelle Bachelet

    Ans. (c)

     When  did  the  military  coup  take  place  in Chile?

    • 12 1973 (b)  11 Sept. 1973       (c)  11 Sept. 1974        (d)  None of the above

    Ans. (b)

     Who  led  the  military  coup  in Chile  in 1973?

    • General Alberto Bachelet (b)   Michelle Bachelet

    (c)  General Augusto Pinochet                             (d)    Salvador Allende

    Ans. (c)

     What  is  a referendum?                                                                                      [Important]

    • A vote of  all the people  on  an important  national  issue
    • A vote  of  educated population
    • A vote  of men only                                (d)  None  of  the above

    Ans. (a)

     

     

         Who  was  elected as  President  of  Chile  in Jan. 2006?

    • Michelle Bachelet (b)  General Bachelet

    (c)  General  Pinochet                                      (d)  None  of  the above

    Ans. (a)

         Which  party  ruled  in  Poland  in 1980?

    • Polish Workers Party                               (b)  Polish Party

    (c)   Polish  United Workers’ Party                  (d)  None  of  the above

    Ans. (c)

         The  workers  of Lenin Shipyard  in the  city  of Gdansk  went  on a strike    on

    • 14 Aug 1980 (b)  15 Aug 1980         (c)  14 Sept 1980        (d)  None of the above

    Ans. (a)

         Who  was  the  leader  of  the  Solidarity  Movement  in Poland?

    • Pinochet (b) Lech Walesa         (c) Jaruzelski               (d)  None of the above

    Ans. (b)

         The  three  governments  of  Allende’s  Chile,  Walesa’s  Poland  and  Michelle’s  Chile  had a

    • Democratic form of  government            (b)  Martial law

    (c)   Communist  form of  government            (d)  All  the above

    Ans. (a)

             Which  Revolution  inspired  many  struggles  for  democracy  all  over Europe?

    [Important]

    • Russian Revolution (b)  American  Revolution

    (c)  French  Revolution                                     (d) Both (a) and   (b)

    Ans. (c)

            When  did  the  British  colonies  in  America  declare  themselves independent?

    (a)  1774 A.D.             (b) 1776 A.D.             (c) 1778 A.D.              (d)  1780 A.D.

    Ans. (b)

             What  is  meant  by  Universal  Adult Franchise?

    • Right to  vote  to property owners            (b)  Right  to  vote  to women

    (c)  Right  to vote  to  all adults                       (d) Right  to vote to   blacks

    Ans. (c)

             When  did  Ghana  become  independent  and  from  whom?

    • 1956, Dutch (b) 1957, France         (c) 1957, Britain         (d) 1958,  Germany

    Ans. (c)

             After Independence, who became the first Prime Minister and then the President of Ghana?

    • Patrice Lumamba (b) Jomo  Kenyatta     (c) Sam Nujoma         (d)  Kwame Nkrumah

    Ans. (b)

             By  2005,  about  how  many  countries  were  holding  multi-party  elections  in  the world?

    (a)  160                        (b) 240                        (c) 140                        (d) 260

    Ans. (c)

             When did Myanmar attain independence and what  type of government did it adopt?

    • 1946, communist (b)  1948, democracy

    (c)  1947, democracy                                     (d) 1948,  dictatorship

    Ans. (b)

     

     

             Which  award  has  been won by  Suu Kyi?                                                         [Important]

    • Literary Award (b) Oscar Award         (c) Nobel  Peace Prize   (d) None of the  above

    Ans. (c)

             Who  is  the  Chief  Administrative  Officer  of  the U.N.?

    • General Secretary   (b) Secretary  General   (c) Security General            (d) General

    Ans. (b)

             Which organ of the U.N. is responsible for maintaining peace and security among the countries?

    • General Assembly (b)  Security Council

    (c)  International  Court of Justice                  (d)  All  the above

    Ans. (b)

             Name  the  body  of  the  U.N.  which  acts  like  a Parliament.

    • General Assembly (b)  Security Council

    (c)  International  Court of Justice                  (d)  Social  and  Economic Council

    Ans. (a)

             How  many  members  does  the  Security  Council  consist  of ?

    (a)  5                            (b) 10                          (c) 15                          (d) 20

    Ans. (c)

             Name  the  five  permanent  members  of  the  Security  Council.                       [Important]

    • US, Germany,  France, China, Italy         (b) US,  Britain, Germany,  Italy,  France

    (c)  US,  France,  Switzerland, China, Russia  (d) US,  France, Britain,  Russia, China

    Ans. (d)

             Which  country  contributes  most  of  the  money  to U.N.?

    • K. (b) France                   (c) U.S.A.                    (d) China

    Ans. (c)

             The  President  of  the  World  Bank  has  always  been from

    • K. (b) U.S.A.                   (c) France                    (d) Russia

    Ans. (b)

             Who  was Wolfowitz?

    • President of S.A. (b)  President  of IMF

    (c)  President  of  World Bank                        (d)  President  of UNESCO

    Ans. (c)

             Which  party  ruled  Iraq  since 1968?

    • Baa’th Party (b)  Socialist  Baa’th Party

    (c)  Arab  Socialist Baa’th Party                      (d)  None  of  the above

    Ans. (c)

             In which year did Saddam Hussein become the President of Iraq? Which type of government  did  he  set up?

    • 1969, dictatorial government (b)  1970,  democratic government

    (c)  1979,  communist  government                 (d)  1979,  dictatorial government

     

     

     

             What  is  the  territory  under  the  immediate  political  control  of  another  state called?

    • Communist state                                       (b) Colony

    (c)  Democratic  state                                      (d)  None  of  the above

    Ans. (b)

             Which  one  of the  following  does  not  lead  to  the  spread  of democracy?

    • Struggle by the people                             (b)  End  of colonialism

    (c)   People’s  desire for  freedom                   (d)  Invasion  by  foreign countries

    Ans. (d)

             Use one of the following statements to complete the sentence : Democracy in the international  organisations  requires  that  …                                                                  [V.  Important]

    • the rich countries  should  have a  greater
    • countries should have a  say according to their  military
    • countries should  be treated with  respect  in  proportion to their
    • all countries  should  be  treated

    Ans. (d)

    31.   Which  one  of  the  following  situations is democratic?                              [2010 (T-1)]

    • General Pinochet, an Army General of Chile, led a coup and became the President of the
    • In China, always the Communist  Party only  wins  in elections  and forms  the
    • The government led by Jaruzelski in Poland, imposed martial law and imprisoned thousands of Solidarity members  who  took  part in
    • The African National Congress of South Africa drew up a constitution which gave most extensive rights  to  its

    Ans. (d)

    32.   Which  one  of  the  following  statements is incorrect?                                [2010 (T-1)]

    • America became  independent  from  British  rule  in 1776
    • They adopted a democratic  constitution in  1787
    • Many countries in Europe gave right  to vote  to only  propertied    people
    • In United States of America all the citizens including Blacks were given right to vote from the

    Ans. (d)

    33.   Which one of the following countries is not a permanent member of UN Security  Council?                                                                                                                         [2010 (T-1)]

    • China (b) France                   (c) Japan                     (d) Russia

    Ans. (c)

    34.   How  many  member  states  are  there  in  the  International  Monetary  Fund?  [2010 (T-1)]

    (a)  173                        (b) 192                        (c) 200                        (d) 190

     

     

     

    35.   Which country among the following was the only  country  by 1900,  where  every citizen  had  voting  right?                                                                                           [2010 (T-1)]

    • Australia (b) New Zealand        (c) Poland                    (d) USA

    Ans. (b)

    36.   Which country supported and controlled the autocratic government in Poland?[2010   (T-1)]

    • USA (b) China                    (c) Russia                    (d) UK

    Ans. (c)

    37.   What  is the  total number  of members  in the  UN    General Assembly?   [2010 (T-1)]

    (a)  200                        (b) 190                        (c) 193                        (d) 205

    Ans. (c)

    38.   Who  among  the  following  in UN  has  always  been a citizen of the    US ?         [2010 (T-1)]

    • Treasury Secretary (b)  President  of  the  World Bank

    (c)  Finance Secretary                                     (d)  Secretary General

    Ans.   (b)

    39.   Which  of  the  following  countries  was  the  first  to  give  universal  adult suffrage?

    [2010 (T-1)]

    • New Zealand (b) Britain                   (c) India                      (d) USA

    Ans. (a)

    40.   Soviet  Union  broke  in the year:                                                                   [2010 (T-1)]

    (a)  1930                      (b) 1900                      (c) 1991                      (d) 2001

    Ans. (c)

    41.   Which of the  following  does not  lead  to the  spread    of democracy?      [2010 (T-1)]

    • Struggle by people (b)  Invasion  by  foreign country

    (c)  End  of  colonialism                                  (d)  People’s  desire  for  freedom

    Ans. (b)

    42.   Who  was  the  leader  of  Solidarity  Movement in Poland?                         [2010 (T-1)]

    • Michelle Bachelete (b) Salvador Allende                                    (c) Lech Walesa          (d) Pinochet

    Ans. (c)

    43.   Why  was  International  Monetary  Fund  established?                               [2010 (T-1)]

    • To maintain  peace and security among  the   countries
    • Lends money  to  governments  of  member  nations  when  in  need
    • To implement  and  formulate  trade agreements
    • To take  decision  regarding misery  and poverty of  western  countries

    Ans. (b)

    44.   Which organ of the United Nations is responsible for maintaining peace  and  security  among  countries?                                                                                           [2010 (T-1)]

    • UN Security Council (b) International  Monetary Fund

    (c)  World  Bank                                              (d)  General Assembly

     

     

     

    45.  In  Myanmar,  Aung  San Suu  Kyi led :                                                        [2010 (T-1)]

    • National Congress (b)  United  Workers Party

    (c)  Communist Party                                     (d) The  National  League  for Democracy

    Ans. (d)

    46.  First  Prime  Minister  of  Ghana was :                                                          [2010 (T-1)]

    • Augusto Pinochet (b) Nkrumah               (c) General Bachelet  (d) Allende

    Ans. (b)

    47.  Strike  the  odd  one out :                                                                                [2010 (T-1)]

    • General Assembly (b) International  Court  of Justice

    (c)  Security Council                                      (d) Veto

    Ans. (d)

    48.  Choose  the  correct  meaning  of  the  term ‘‘Veto’’ :                                     [2010 (T-1)]

    • It means  to pass  a  decision  by majority
    • It means to pass a decision by two-third     majority
    • It means  to stop  a  decision  by a  single member
    • It means  to adopt  a  decision  by a  single member

    Ans. (c)

    49.  How  many  members  countries  are  there  in  Security  Council of UN?  [2010 (T-1)]

    (a)  25                          (b) 20                          (c) 15                          (d) 10

    Ans. (c)

    50.  Which of the following international institution direct asks the concerned government to show all its accounts and directs it to make change in its economic policy?  Choose the correct answer :                                                                                             [2010 (T-1)]

    • The General Assembly (b)  The  Economic  and  Social Council

    (c)  The  World Bank                                      (d)  The  Security Council

    Ans. (c)

    51.  A direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal  is  termed as :                                                                                  [2010 (T-1)]

    • Coalition (b) Referendum          (c) Veto                       (d) Election

    Ans. (b)

    52.  Name  of  the  leader  in Myanmar  put  under  house  arrest is :                 [2010 (T-1)]

    • Ban Kimoon (b) Uthan                    (c)  Aung  San Suu Kyi      (d)  Khalida Zia

    Ans. (c)

    53.  Organisation  which  lends  money  to  governments  in  need is :                [2010 (T-1)]

    • NATO (b) IMF                       (c) UNESCO               (d) SAARC

    Ans. (b)

    54.  How  many  permanent  members  of  Security  Council  are  in the UNO?            [2010 (T-1)]

    (a)  5                            (b) 7                            (c) 10                          (d) 15

     

     

    55.  Which one of the following UN Secretary Generals said that  the  US  war  on Iraq  was illegal  ?                                                                                                            [2010 (T-1)]

    • Kofi Annan (b) Boutras Ghali        (c) Homerfield            (d)  None  of these

    Ans. (a)

    56.  Pinochet’s  military  dictatorship  came  to  an  end  in  Chile in :                [2010 (T-1)]

    (a)  1978                      (b) 1988                      (c) 1999                      (d) 2000

    Ans. (b)

    57.  General  Musharraf  brought  back  army  rule  in  Pakistan in :                [2010 (T-1)]

    (a)  1997                      (b) 1998                      (c) 1999                      (d) 2000

    Ans. (c)

    58.  ‘Gold Coast’ was  the  ancient  name  of :                                                     [2010 (T-1)]

    • Poland (b) Chile                     (c) Myanmar               (d) Ghana

    Ans. (d)

    59.  How  many  years  did  Pinochet  rule in Chile?                                            [2010 (T-1)]

    (a)  17                          (b) 20                          (c) 25                          (d) 10

    Ans. (a)

    60.  Which one of the following countries is a permanant member  of  the  Security  Council  ?                                                                                                                          [2010 (T-1)]

    • Germany (b) China                    (c) India                      (d) Pakistan

    Ans. (b)

  • NCERT Textbook Questions Solution’s of Democracy in the Contemporary World Class 9th Social Science Civics

    Page No: 3

    1. Why did President Allende address himself mainly to workers? Why were the rich unhappy with him?

    Answer

    President Allende was a socialist and had taken many several policy decisions to help workers and poor. Thus, he addressed himself mainly to workers.
    The rich were unhappy with him due to reform of the educational system, free milk for children and redistribution of land to the landless. He was opposed to foreign companies taking away natural resources like copper from the country.

    Page No: 4

    1. Did the army have any legal right to arrest the defence minister of the country? Should the army have the power to arrest any citizen?

    Answer

    No, the army didn’t have any legal right to arrest the defence minister of the country It is totally against the law. They also don’t have the power to arrest any citizen. The main duty of army is to protect the country from external threats.

    Activity

    1. Locate and shade Chile on the map. Which state in our country has a shape similar to Chile?

    Answer

    In our country, Kerala has a shape similar to Chile.

    Chile on the map

    Page No: 6

    1. Why was an independent trade union so important in Poland? Why are trade unions necessary?

    Answer
    Poland at that time had only one workers union controlled by the Polish United Workers’ Party. So there was autocratic rule of this party. People could not form independent unions which voiced their grievances. There was no freedom of speech.
    Trade unions are necessary as they help in maintaining or improving the conditions of the
    workers. They represent the workers’ views and demands to the management and fight for their rights.
    Page No: 10
    1. Looking at these maps, which period do you find most important in the expansion of democracy. Why?

    Answer

    The period after 1975 till 2000 AD is the most important period in the expansion of democracy. In this period, most of the countries in Africa became independent and supported democratic governments. The USSR broke up and 15 independent states emerged in which most of them go with democracy. Many colonised countries also gained independence and marches towards democracy.

    Page No: 11
    1. Why were women given voting rights much later than men in most countries? Why did this not happen in India?
    Answer
    Many European countries became democratic by the beginning of the twentieth century but women didn’t have voting rights because they were being not considered equal. They thought women were not capable of making decisions. They should stay at home, did household works and look after children. Thus, they were given voting rights much later than men.
    In India, constitutions makers didn’t make any discrimination against women and granted Universal Adult Franchise which gave voting rights to every c above the age of 18.
    Page No: 13
    1. What should be the policy of the government of India towards the military rulers of Myanmar?
    Answer
    The Government of India can support Suu Kyi in all international forums and demand her freedom without interfering in the domestic affairs of the government of Myanmar. It must fight for her freedom under Human Rights.
    Page No: 14
    1. Should there be a world government? If yes, who should elect it? And what powers should it have?
    Answer
    Yes, there should be a world government. It should have representatives of all the nations and every nation should have equal status. Each nation should send its own representatives, elected by their people. They should have powers to fight for Human Rights and Democracy.
    Page No: 15
    1. Should the permanent members of the UN give up the power to veto?
    Answer

    Yes, they should. The five veto powers should not be allowed to dictate terms to the rest of the world. They generally used this for their own interest.

    Exercise

    1. Which of the following does not lead to the spread of democracy?
    (a) Struggle by the people
    (b) Invasion by foreign countries
    (c) End of colonialism
    (d) People’s desire for freedom
    ► (b) Invasion by foreign countries

    2. Which of the following statements is true about today’s world?
    (a) Monarchy as a form of government has vanished .
    (b) The relationship between different countries has become more democratic than ever before.
    (c) In more and more countries rulers are being elected by the people.
    (d) There are no more military dictators in the world.
    ► (c) In more and more countries rulers are being elected by the people.

    Page No: 20

    3. . Use one of the following statements to complete the sentence:

    Democracy in the international organisations requires that …
    (a) The rich countries should have a greater say.
    (b) Countries should have a say according to their military power.
    (c) Countries should be treated with respect in proportion to their population.
    (d) All countries in the world should be treated equally..

    ► (d) All countries in the world should be treated equally..

    4. Based on the information given in this chapter, match the following countries and the path democracy has taken in that country.

    Country
    Path to Democracy
    (a) Chile
    (b) Nepal
    (c) Poland
    (d) Ghana    		 (i) Freedom from British colonial rule
    (ii) End of military dictatorship
    (iii) End of one party rule
    (iv) King agreed to give up his powers

    Answer

    Country
    Path to Democracy
    (a) Chile
    (ii) End of military dictatorship
    (b) Nepal
    (iv) King agreed to give up his powers
    (c) Poland
    (iii) End of one party rule
    (d) Ghana
    (i) Freedom from British colonial rule

    5. What are the difficulties people face in a non-democratic country? Give answers drawing from the examples given in this chapter.

    Answer

    The difficulties people face in a non-democratic country are:
    → No freedom to elect their rulers.
    → People can’t form organisation or organise protest against the rulers.
    → No freedom of speech and expression.
    → Don’t have any say in government policies
    → Civic rights are curtailed.

    6. Which freedoms are usually taken away when a democracy is overthrown by the military?

    Answer

    The freedoms which are taken away when a democracy is overthrown by the military:
    → Freedom of electing their rulers.
    → Freedom of speech, expression and protest against any governmental policies.
    → People can’t form political parties or organisations.

    7. Which of the following positions can contribute to democracy at the global level? Give reasons for your answer in each case.
    a My country gives more money to international institutions. Therefore, I want to be treated with more respect and exercise more power.
    b My country may be small or poor. But my voice must be heard with equal respect, because these decisions will affect my country.
    c Wealthy nations will have a greater say in international affairs.They cannot let their interests suffer just because they are out numbered by poor nations.
    d Big countries like India must have a greater say in international organisations.

    Answer

    a. If any country gives more money to international institutions and its citizens want more respect and more power, it would not contribute to democracy at the global level. Every country and its citizens enjoy equal status whether it is a poor or a rich country. Equality is the basic principle of democracy.

    b. This position totally contributes to democracy at the global level as Democracy give equal right to every person. The wealth and size of a country don’t matter in a global democracy.

    c. This position does not lead to democracy at the global level because there should be no distinction made between the rich nations and the poor nations. All nations are equal in a Democracy.

    d. No, this position can’t contribute to democracy because the sizes or the geographical area of a country can’t determine the status of a nation in global democracy.

    8. Here are three opinions heard in a television debate on the struggle for democracy in Nepal. Which of these do you agree with and why?
    Guest 1: India is a democracy. Therefore, the Indian government must support the people of Nepal who are struggling against monarchy and for democracy.
    Guest 2: That is a dangerous argument. We would be in the same position as the US was in Iraq. Remember, no outside force can promote democracy.
    Guest 3: But why should we bother about the internal affairs of another country? We should be worried about our business interests there, not about democracy.

    Answer

    We can’t totally neglect our neighbours as what doing in their country as it must affect our behaviour also. So in my opinion, Guest 1 is right in some way. We have to adopt some measures that will support the people who are struggling against monarchy and for democracy. Not by using armed forces but by some other cooperations which will not hurt the sentiments of the people. This will also help India in maintaining a good relationship with a democratic country rather than a monarchical rule.

    Page No: 21

    9. In an imaginary country called Happyland, the people overthrew the foreign ruler and brought back the old royal family. They said: “After all their ancestors were our kings before foreigners started ruling us. It is good that we have one strong ruler, who can help us become rich and powerful”. When someone talked about democracy the wise men said it is a foreign idea. Their struggle was to throw the foreigners and their ideas out of the country. When someone demanded freedom for the media, the elders thought that too much criticism of the ruler would not help them improve their living standards. “After all, the king is so kind and interested in the welfare of all the subjects. Why create problems for him. Don’t we all want to be happy? ”

    After reading the above passage, Chaman, Champa and Chandru made the following observations:

    Chaman: Happyland is a democratic country because people were able to throw out the foreign rulers and bring back the king.
    Champa: Happyland is not a democratic country because people cannot criticise the ruler. The king may be nice and may provide economic prosperity, but a king cannot give a democratic rule.
    Chandru: What people need is happiness. So they are willing to allow their new ruler to take decisions for them. If people are happy it must be a democracy.

    What is your opinion about each of these statements? What do you think about the form of government in this country?

    Answer

    Chaman’s statement is incorrect because the overthrowing of a foreign power just amounts to gaining sovereignty.

    Champa’s statement is correct. A democracy is a rule of the people. The people should have the right to question their ruler.

    Chandru’s statement is incorrect. Happiness of the people is only one factor of a democracy. The people might be happy with the king, but he is not an elected representative.

  • Concept’s of Democracy in the Contemporary World Class 9th Social Science Civics

       CONCEPTS  

    • The March of Democracy has  met  with  setbacks  and successes  throughout
    • In 1900 there were only a few democratic After the Second World War, in 1950, more countries were added. The newly independent nations of Asia chose democracy. In 1975 colonies in Africa had become independent and most of them chose democracy as a form of government. A giant leap was taken in 1991. The fall of the Soviet Union  created 15  new  states  and  more democracies.

    Two  Tales  of Democracy

    • Many countries struggled for democracy, suffered In Chile, the democratic government of Allende was overthrown in 1973, and Pinochet became the military ruler. Democracy was restored again in Chile in 1988. In Poland, a non-democratic country, a one- party rule was replaced by  democracy  under  Lech Walesa.

    Two  Features  of  Democracy

    • Democracy, hence, is  a form of  government  that allows  people to choose their  own
    • People have the freedom to express their views, freedom to organise and freedom to protest against

    Phases  in  the  Expansion  of Democracy

    • By 2005, 140 countries have held multi-party More than 80 countries have made advances towards democracy  since 1980.
    • Stills there are many countries where people cannot elect their leaders. In Myanmar  the  elected leader Aung San Suu Kyi has been imprisoned by the military rulers (1990).  No  amount  of  international support  has  helped  in her

    Democracy  at  Global Level

    • Is it possible to have democracy  at  global level?  Not  at
    • The UN, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are global associations of the They attempt to maintain peace and security among the countries of the world. They give loans and  money  to governments.
    • They are not fully democratic. Five countries — US, UK, France, China and Russia — have the veto power in the Security The World Bank has a US President always and the International Monetary Fund is in  the hands  of  seven  powerful  nations.

    Promotion  of  Democracy

    • Many powerful countries like the United States of America  believe  that  democracy  should be promoted  in  the world  —  even  by
    • Powerful countries have launched  attacks  on  non-democratic
    • Iraq is the biggest USA and its allies attacked and occupied Iraq without UN sanction, on the pretext of Iraq possessing nuclear weapons.  They  have even  held  forced     elections.
    • The urge for democracy should  come  from  the people  and should  not  be

  • Democracy in the Contemporary World Class 9th Social Science Civics

    Chapter 1 Democracy in the Contemporary World

    Social Science Civics [Class IX]

    Content’s